Some blood moves retrograde, some down towards the tip of the papilla.
In retracting regions of the cell, adhesions tend to move retrograde and then disperse and leave integrin (with a portion of the membrane) on the substratum, suggesting a disconnect between integrin and the bulk of the adhesion during disassembly (13).
The filaments moving in retrograde direction outnumbers those in anterograde direction, therefore, on average, F-actin filaments in dendritic spines flows in a net retrograde direction.
We were able to determine the directionality of 60% of the paused IFT trains, and all of the trains correspondent to the initiation of gliding motility stopped moving during retrograde transport (N = 148).
When a team of planetary scientists led by Joshua Colwell of the University of Colorado in Boulder modeled the most likely orbits of the dust, they concluded that 80% of the particles move in "retrograde" orbits--counter to Jupiter's spin and the orbits of its major moons.
In this case, actin polymerization and filaments growth happen predominantly at the tip of the spine, therefore one would expect most of the filaments to move in retrograde direction.
Following ligand binding at the cell surface, EGFRs are internalized via endocytosis, moved by retrograde transport in endosomal vesicles into the ER and subsequently translocated through the ER membrane into the cytosol by action of the Sec61 translocon.
Planetary scientists Craig Agnor of the University of California, Santa Cruz, and Douglas Hamilton of University of Maryland, College Park, report in today's issue of Nature that the pair may have wandered too close to Neptune, whose powerful gravity grabbed Triton when it was moving in a retrograde direction around its companion.
However, the nodes of the Moon's orbit are gradually moving in a retrograde motion, due to the action of the Sun's gravity on the Moon's motion, and they make a complete circuit every 18.6 years.
The average velocity of capsids moving in the retrograde direction was 0.70±0.04 μm/s (n = 39) (Table 2).
