Coupled with dynamic equations of the structure, the equations of moving particle are solved.
Assuming that the diameter of the dust particle is d p, if R (the radius at which the moving particle is located in the CDRS inlet) is larger than R x (the minimum radius at which particle separation is possible), the particle can reach ('fall to') the CDRS inner wall; otherwise, the particle will be carried by the airflow out of the CDRS.
The centrifugal force, which exerts to the dust particle, increases gradually with the radius increasing, by which the moving particle is located in CDRS; at the same time, the drag force of the particle increasing continuously as well, inevitably, the increasing drag force is gradually closer to the centrifugal force; finally, the two forces may be equal to each other.
The proportion of moving particles was calculated by counting the number of particles in a selected 300 × 300 pixel region (19.89 μm × 19.89 μm) and determining how many of these particles underwent active movements during the next 10 frames.
The velocity of movement calculated from tracking the actively moving particles was significantly greater than the velocities reported in vitro (∼2.26 µm/s in vivo vs 0.05 µm/s in vitro for rat Myosin 1, (Williams and Coluccio, 1994) and the velocity of actin polymerization from the leading edge (0.1 µm/s from (Giannone et al., 2004).
Chaotically moving particles are represented as a mixture of granular gases possessing different granular temperatures.
One early theory, called pilot-wave theory, proposed that moving particles are borne along on some type of quantum wave, like driftwood on the tide.
Moving particles were used to describe the liquid phase and the vapor phase was evaluated using real vapor sate equation.
The no-slip condition at the surface of the moving particles is enforced via a momentum source term that only acts in the vicinity of the particle surface.
Various verification and validation test cases on fixed and freely moving particles are performed to show that the numerical approach is accurate and stable for a wide range (10−3 106) of particle fluid density ratios.
