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A realtime-capable finite-element model of a railway catenary is formulated efficiently in moving coordinates.
Relationships among the parameters are given for general coordinates including fixed and moving coordinates and for any definition of wave celerity.
Without loss of generality, let components of the vehicle system directly contacting with ground in the moving coordinates ( {mathbf{x}}' ) be numbered from 1 to N (see Fig. 7), where N represents the total number of tires.
Let ( {mathbf{x}}' = (x',y') ) be the moving coordinates connected with the moving vehicle and travel at the constant speed ( {mathbf{v}} ) (vector quantity) with respect to the fixed coordinates ( {mathbf{x}} ).
With respect to those moving coordinates, we have the following diffusion equation: S ˙ n = ( D x ′ ∂ x ′ x ′ + D z ′ ∂ z ′ z ′ ) S n + s 0 δ ( t ) δ ( x ′ ) δ ( z ′ ), (34 whose solution, at the original coordinates, is S n ( x, z ) = s 0 4 π t D x D z exp - ( x - f n ′ v x t ) 2 4 D x t - ( z - f n ′ v z t ) 2 4 D z t (35)(Carslaw and Jaeger 1984; Carcione 2007).
The tibial translation with respect to the femur was defined as the position difference between the centers of the two moving coordinates, and the relative orientation of the tibia with respect to the femur was calculated in terms of Euler angles (rotation sequence: flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, internal-external rotation).
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On the other hand, it can be viewed as a direct demonstration of the relativistic time dilation; i.e., the slowing down of the clock in a moving coordinate system, here the atom, when viewed by a stationary observer.
To account for the speed of the tractor, a moving coordinate system was implemented.
A moving coordinate system, with origin, is used for the target point coordinates, where =.
Existence conditions are derived by using perturbation theory in a properly defined moving coordinate system.
Open image in new window Fig. 12 Schematic sketch of a stationary coordinate and a moving coordinate.
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