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The RRs (95% CI) from moving average exposure models (data not shown) are comparable to those from distributed lag models in Table 2.
In addition, in using HF as the reference marker for the 24-hr moving average exposure, Parasympathetic tone was strongly represented by rMSSD with a coefficient as factor loading of 0.56 (95% PI: 0.55 to 0.57).
We fit each moving average exposure of each pollutant individually at a time in an established covariate model that included potential determinants of perceived stress and potential confounders of the association between air pollution and perceived stress.
The Japanese study estimated associations with average SO2 exposure concentration during pregnancy, whereas in the Brazilian study the effect estimate was presented for a 5-day moving average exposure.
Furthermore, for the 24-hr moving average exposure, CO predominantly represented Traffic (0.95; 95% PI: 0.86 to 1.05) while NO2 was still the lowest reliability measure of Traffic (0.02; 95% PI: 0.02 to 0.02).
In addition, for the 4-hr moving average exposure, the variance of latent Parasympathetic Tone variable was higher (1.720; 95% PI: 1.535 to 1.921) compared to the variance of the latent Traffic variable (0.137; 95% PI: 0.112 to 0.165).
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IL-6 was also associated with unlagged moving average exposures starting at 5 days [see Supplemental Material, Table 3 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1103982)].
Three and five-day moving averages of primary OC in PM exposure effects on IL-6 blood levels in elderly susceptible populations have also been reported in previous studies and appeared more pronounced than 1-day moving average exposures [ 41].
For the two main outcomes (CVD or respiratory hospital admissions), we also estimated associations with 2-, 3-, and 4-day moving average exposures that included exposure on the day of admission.
Associations with IQR increases in 28-day moving average exposures were significantly stronger in participants with emphysema (for BC, PM2.5, and NO2 with FVC, and for O3 and FEV1) and in participants with chronic bronchitis (for O3 and nontraffic PM2.5 with both outcomes, and for PM2.5 with FEV1) (see Supplemental Material, Table S2).
Associations with 28-day moving average exposures were stronger in participants with lower methylation levels in one of five CpG sites evaluated in TLR2 (position 2), and stronger among participants with higher methylation in GCR (one CpG site evaluated), TLR2 (position 5), F3 (position 1), and IL6 (position 2).
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