Other factors, such as the long distance movement of duck flocks, may influence outbreak patterns in Indonesia.
Further studies are needed on the management and movement of duck flocks, HPAI transmission pathways between different poultry species, and the association between rice harvest activities and increased HPAI outbreaks.
Options are available to veterinary authorities to further contain HPAI persistence in the central plains, address frequent movement of duck flocks in rice paddy fields, especially at the time of wild-bird migration, and actively encourage duck production in farms with adequate biosecurity.
Because of the predominance of local movements of ducks (Figure 1A), virus inactivation rates did not have an important effect on the distance of AIV spread during the wintering period.
Hence, apart from migratory wild birds, the movement of asymptomatic ducks may have also contributed to the silent spread of the virus that gave rise to the recent unprecedented and widespread poultry outbreaks.
These influenza viruses are a potential threat to the poultry population in South Korea, including gallinaceous birds, during movement of domestic ducks through the distribution network of live bird markets.
We used complementary population genetic approaches to assess approximate levels of individual intercontinental movement for 2 vector species of ducks: green-winged teal (Anas crecca) and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos).
The commercial movement of asymptomatically infected domestic ducks, often for pest control reasons and over longs distances, could be a mechanism of spread.
There were three boxes of ducks.
