With respect to hemostasis, murine C4bp lacks the β chain present in human C4bp, and thus is unable to bind protein S. C4bp therefore plays no role in the mouse system in regulating the coagulation cascade.
Recently these studies were extended into the Big Blue transgenic mouse system in which Cr-induced mutagenesis was observed in the lung, the target organ for Cr carcinogenesis in humans.
For example, breast cancer metastasis to bone has recently been investigated in an experimental mouse system in which both the breast cancer cells and the metastatic target organ, the bone, are of human origin [ 30].
To investigate this, we employed the Nur77GFP BAC transgenic reporter mouse system, in which GFP is inserted into the start site of the Nr4a1 (Nur77) transgene (Moran et al., 2011).
As in mouse systems, the in vivo spatial resolution of the adult mouse is limited due to the normal opacification of the skin and subdermal structures.
Using two well-known developmental toxicants [5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and ATRA], cytotoxic effects similar to those previously observed in mouse systems were observed in hESCs and human fibroblasts.
It would be interesting to assess in the future whether downregulation of Sprouty2 in our mouse system results in UCC formation.
Fibrosis, which is thought to be a tissue reaction to the bile extravasation associated with bile duct epithelium destruction, may involve Th2 cytokines that are suppressed in the mouse system, particularly in the NOD background (Delovitch and Singh, 1997).
Our results demonstrated that the DNA immunization of rats through intramuscular injection was a simple and easily available method of producing polyclonal antibodies that can be used to detect and analyze mouse TIGIT expression in mouse systems.
The adoptive Th1 cell therapy has been shown to be an attractive strategy for inducing tumour eradication in mouse systems.
