A previous large genome-wide analysis in mice, including four somatic tissues (liver, adipose, muscle and brain) also found over-representation of female-biased genes on the X [ 12].
To address this question, we conducted a detailed analysis of 3' UTR piRNAs in adult mouse testis, and from somatic tissues.
We performed a high-resolution study of sex-biased RNA expression of genes located on the mouse X-chromosome in somatic tissues.
Considering these expression studies, it is noteworthy that sex differences have been observed in the mRNA levels of housekeeping genes and of commonly used reference genes in human placenta, in a variety of mouse somatic and extra-embryonic tissues, as well as in the preimplantation blastocyst and blastocyst-derived embryonic stem cells [ 142, 143].
To test the developmental capacity, EC cells were transplanted into mouse blastocysts and after transfer of the blastocysts into the uterus of pseudo-pregnant foster mothers, resulted in chimeric mice, in which variable somatic tissues partially originated from EC cells (= injection chimeras"; Brinster 1974).
We performed a large-scale sex-bias expression analysis of genes on the X-chromosome in six different somatic tissues from mouse.
Background Cre recombinase has been used to develop many mouse models of primary cancer through enabling deletion of tumor suppressors and activation of oncogenes in somatic tissues of mice in a spatially and temporally restricted manner.
The site-specific recombinases Cre and Flp allow for spatially and temporally regulated mutation of a target gene in the somatic tissues of mice (Branda and Dymecki, 2004).
Despite the growing abundance of loxP-flanked ('floxed') alleles and tissue-specific Cre drivers, the Flp- FRT system has been utilized less frequently than Cre- loxP to modify genes in the somatic tissues in mice.
Exposure to 1 Gy of X-rays caused significant DNA damage which was evidenced by a profound increase of the γ-H2AX foci levels in all the somatic tissues of mice (Fig. 1).
