Immunolabeling with anti-ATF6 antibodies showed localization throughout the mouse neuronal retina, including retinal pigment epithelium, photoreceptor cells, inner nuclear layer, inner and outer plexiform layers, with a more prominent signal in retinal ganglion cells.
Only one type of rod photoreceptor, carrying the rhodopsin visual pigment, is present in the vertebrate retina, including in mouse and human.
In anesthetized mice, the light response of the outer retina, including the separate contributions of rod and cone systems, can be quantified by electroretinography (ERG)[8], [9]; and the strength of the retina-derived signal in the brain can be quantified with visually evoked potentials (VEPs)[8].
Peripheral nasal retina and central retina including the macula were isolated and frozen separately.
In most mammalian retinas, including the mouse retina, TH immunostaining can been used to identify DA cells, but the extensive intermingling of TH+ processes from different cells precludes the tracing of individual immunolabeled arbors.
The retina includes photoreceptors and two stages of neural processing.
The existence of a large degree of GJ-mediated anatomical convergence from rods to cones is not peculiar of the mouse, since it has been found in other rod-dominated mammalian retinas including the peripheral retina of macaque.
Normal tissue development and homeostasis has been studied in a variety of mouse tissues, including retina [ 10], liver [ 11], pancreas [ 12], uterus [ 13] and mammary gland [ 14].
Earlier work showed that the 5-hydroxy-tryptamine 1a (5HT1a) receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2- di-n-propylamino -tetralin (8-hydroxy-2- di-n-propylamino -tetralinthelium 8-hydroxy-2- di-n-propylamino -tetralintment and mouse retinas from oxidative insults including light injury.
Similar results were reported for different sprouting assays, including human umbilical endothelial cells, mouse retina and mouse embryonic back vessels (Pelton et al., 2014).
