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The human Morris Maze Test may give researchers a more uniform playing field for comparing human brains to the mouse models often used to test drugs and other therapies.
In particular, unlike human PIN lesions, the neoplastic lesions in these mouse models often fill or nearly fill the lumens of the glands, as either solid sheets, as cribriform structures, or as tufting or papillary structures [67], [68].
The production of mutant mouse models often yields an unexpected male infertility phenotype.
These mouse models often focus on specific causes of cholestatic liver disease, such as bile duct obstruction and autoimmune or direct toxic injury.
In addition, the use of mouse models often presents ethical issues and, more importantly, the mouse mammary microenvironment does not faithfully recapitulate the human mammary microenvironment [ 11].
Those mouse models often do not show significant CNS neurodegeneration (in proportion to the burden of protein aggregates), and whether they represent models of disease as opposed to protein aggregation is unclear.
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However, the suitability of mouse models is often restricted by the fact that the effects of expression of an oncogene, or loss of a tumor suppressor, are exerted already at the embryonic stage and during tissue development, while in the vast majority of human cancers genetic alterations leading to cancer will occur in cells of adult tissues.
Mouse models are often used to test the efficacy of a compound.
While work based on cell lines and xenograft mouse metastasis models has advantages in terms of tractability and efficiency, transgenic mouse models are often considered more biologically relevant.
Mouse models are often used to gain further insight into the pathological mechanisms of joint inflammation as well as for preclinical evaluation of therapeutic agents.
Furthermore, histological changes in the mdx mouse model are often used as a surrogate marker for potential therapeutic benefit.
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