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Limitations included: description of a single metastatic site or tumor suppressor gene, non-matched pairs of primaries and metastases, methylation only in the primary tumor (compared to the metastasizing tendency), or the use of mouse models instead of patient material [ 11, 12, 22– 26].
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This further emphasises the potential of using our mouse model instead of traditional human cohorts for downstream genome-wide association scans.
A similar study was performed by [97], based on a heterogeneous mouse model rather than on an homogeneous one and using SPECT instead of PET for validation.
Although previous research has suggested that selfish QS-regulated traits could be relevant in infections and could drive the spread of resistance to QSIs, recent experiments with mouse infection models instead match these results in protease-selective media very well.
Although wcPV provides some level of protection against B. parapertussis infections in mouse models, aPV does not, but instead enhances colonisation by B. parapertussis [19].
We would like to stress that, depending on the scientific questions, the CAM model may well be used instead of mouse models in preclinical studies.
Instead, the multiple mouse models of HIV that are available are used to address different questions related to HAND, depending on which aspect of the disease they recapitulate.
The phospholamban knockout model is one of the few reported mouse models, where genetic manipulation produces enhancement of the cardiac function instead of pathological developments and failure.
Interestingly, Takekoshi et al. recently reported that SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling normally limits keratinocyte proliferation instead of stimulation in keratinocyte-specific CXCR4 knockout mouse models (Nishimura et al., 2012).
Instead, for each group of human breast cancer, multiple mouse models showed similar predicted pathway activation profiles.
These studies have fate-traced epithelial cells in three different mouse models of kidney disease and failed to detect myofibroblasts originating from epithelium, instead demonstrating the pericyte origin of myofibroblasts [ 22, 23].
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