In line with these observations, VSM cells expressed clear detectable levels of NOD1 protein, while both J774.2 and freshly elicited mouse macrophages expressed low or undetectable levels of NOD1 protein.
To validate our system, and to demonstrate the method of positioning particles next to cells of interest, 5 µm fluorescent polystyrene beads (labeled with "Flash Red" dye; ex: 660 nm/em: 690 nm) were optically trapped and moved along a pre-determined path as shown by the red arrows and placed adjacent to a J774 mouse macrophage expressing YFP-actin (Fig. 2 and Video S1).
In irradiated mice, only macrophages expressing β-catenin were able to rescue wound-healing deficiency.
Of note, the diaphragm of mdx mice contains CD206 positive macrophages expressing arginase I and TGF β, whose expression increases with age correlating with increased levels of IL-13 [ 16] suggesting the potential implication of Th2/alternative macrophage activation in dystrophic muscle fibrosis.
The strongest responses to Th2-cytokine stimulation were observed in macrophages isolated from 12 month-old mdx mice, indicating that M2 macrophages expressing receptors for IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 are most prevalent at this stage of the disease that temporally coincides with the development of pathological fibrosis in skeletal and cardiac muscle (Fig. 2A).
Although recruitment of CD11c+ alveolar macrophages post infection was threefold greater in CLP than in sham-operated mice, those macrophages expressed 40% lower levels of iNOS.
In a phagocytosis model using bone marrow-derived mouse macrophages, GFP CgCta1 expressed under the control of the CgCTA1 promoter was induced in the earliest stages after internalization.
Second, the percent of macrophages expressing MHC II was significantly elevated in the VC+ mice.
Briefly, purified peritoneal macrophages, expressing CD45.1, were isolated from young B6.SJL- Ptprc a Pepc b /BoyJ mice (Fig. S2A).
