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For example, low concentrations of tolbutamide stimulate glucagon release from mouse islets, whereas high concentrations are inhibitory (1).
Notably, CIS mRNA expression was reduced by 63% in FGF21-KO mouse islets, whereas FGF21 increased CIS expression by approximately twofold in normal mouse islets.
In addition, GH (100 ng/ml, 72 h) increased beta-cell proliferation in normal mouse islets, whereas FGF21 (2 μg/ml) reduced GH's effect.
In contrast, the Pax8 transcript was not detected in mouse islets whereas human islets exhibited low levels as compared to Pax6 and Pax4 (Fig. 1).
Similar results were obtained with 50 nmol/l wortmannin in MIN6 cells, pseudoislets and mouse islets, whereas 1 μmol/l wortmannin was required to obtain inhibition in human islets (data not shown).
As shown in Figure 5a, GH treatment (100 ng/ml, 72 h) increased insulin mRNA expression by ~2.5-fold in normal mouse islets, whereas co-treatment with FGF21 inhibited GH's effect dose dependently.
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As shown in Figure 8a, inhibition of basal GH signaling in WT mouse islets reduced insulin expression, whereas the increased insulin mRNA level in FGF21-KO mouse islets was almost totally reversed by STAT5 inhibitor (10 μg/ml, 72 h).
Furthermore, we found that AATF is highly expressed in mouse islets (Supplementary Figure 1A), whereas in WFS1 knockout mouse islets, AATF protein expression was markedly decreased as compared to control littermates.
The time needed to achieve initial euglycemia was different with different cell types, i.e. the combination approach with mouse islets achieved euglycemia within 15 days, whereas with PPC-derived islet-like clusters euglycemia was achieved within 25 days.
In WT mouse islets, beta cells were located centrally, whereas alpha cells were distributed along the periphery of the islets.
Normal mouse islets do not secrete insulin when exposed to 3 mM glucose, whereas half-maximal stimulation is achieved at ~11 mM glucose (Hedeskov, 1980).
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