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Dexamethasone, horse serum and forskolin pulses were able to synchronise cultured mouse islets expressing Per2::luc reporter (ESM Fig. 2).
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Finally, mouse islets expressed T1R2 and T1R3, and artificial sweeteners stimulated insulin secretion.
We confirmed this by immunofluorescence and while mouse islets express IRs on both α and β cells (Figure 3A), IGF-1 receptors (IGF-1Rs) are expressed only on β cells (Figure 3B).
PDX-1 protein and glucokinase mRNA levels have been demonstrated to be similar in MIN6 cells and mouse islets [ 11, 12] In addition, both MIN6 cells and mouse islets express high levels of GLUT2 mRNA [ 13].
In diabetic animal models, 50 islets expressing Ex-4 were transplanted to cure the diabetic nude mice, whereas at least 150 untransduced islets had to be transplanted to cure the diabetic nude mice.
Leptin treatment of ob/ob mice for 12 days reversed this pattern, so that most of the islets expressed LPL in beta cells.
Rodent islets expressed less HNF1B(A) relative to human islets; comprising 50% and 49% of total HNF1B expression in mice and rats respectively, compared to 69% in man (figure 3a; p = 0.004).
Pancreatic islets express somatostatin receptors, especially the subtype SSTR2a [ 39].
Our data also revealed that in mouse islets, Etv1 was strongly expressed in α-cells and Mlxipl was strongly expressed in β-cells.
The causal relationships among these events were demonstrated by Li. et. al. [14] when insulinoma cells and/or mouse islets were transfected with adenoviruses expressing inducible gain- or loss-of-function of ATF3 and IRS2.
Furthermore, we found that AATF is highly expressed in mouse islets (Supplementary Figure 1A), whereas in WFS1 knockout mouse islets, AATF protein expression was markedly decreased as compared to control littermates.
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