As no completely sequenced artiodactyls genomes are yet available, this rate constant is based on many fewer data than the rat-mouse-human rate constants.
Blood elimination rates are more similar to human rates than the more commonly used mouse or rat models.
To examine if differential frequencies/intensities in mutation rate or natural selection have led to an increased evolution of heart enhancers, based on mouse-rat or mouse-human genomic alignments, substitution rates of fourfold degenerate sites (d4), or intron sites (di), of neighboring genes were used as neutral references to normalize the substitution rate of each enhancer.
It has previously been observed that genes which interact directly with the environment have high silent substitution rates in mouse-human comparisons, and we found that this is generally true among the mammals.
Looking at individual organisms, for human, 70% of genes have evidence of conserved splicing to at least 3 other reference species, a fraction comparable to the human-mouse conservation rate from the previous section.
Inbreeding the scid mutation into the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse increased the rate of human cell reconstitution upon HSC infusion due to the reduced number and functional impairment of NK cells in the NOD mouse [9], [10].
In order to study gene expression evolution between mouse and human, we calculated the rate of expression conservation for all co-modules resulting from the PPA run on data sets matched through homologous organs.
However, correlation between mRNA decay rates in mouse and human was high (r = 0.610, Fig. 4), which was only slightly lower than correlation between estimates of mRNA decay rates obtained with different probes that matched the same mouse transcript (r = 0.744, see Section 3.1).
To assess the effect of two assisted oocyte activation (AOA) protocols with the use of two calcium (Ca2+) ionophores, ionomycin and A23187 (calcimycin), on the intracellular Ca2+ level in mouse and human oocytes and the fertilization rates.
We do indeed observe that mouse CO rates are less variable than human CO rates (variance = 0.50 and 0.69 for mouse and human CO rates, respectively).
In both human and mice, turnover rates are believed to be substantially higher in preadipocytes than adipocytes, 4.5% and 0.16 0.29% per day, respectively for human [8] and 5% and 1 1.5% per day, respectively, for mice [9].
