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Our study supports the view that hES cells are more similar to mouse epiblast cells than mouse ES cells and is consistent with the epithelial nature of hES cells.
It has been suggested recently that the majority of hESCs in existence share more similarities to mouse epiblast cells than mouse ESCs derived from the blastocyst inner cell mass.
In the mouse, epiblast cells poised to enter the distal primitive streak are subject to high Nodal signaling and contribute to definitive endoderm.
Furthermore, we note that similarities between pluripotent human ESCs and iPSCs to mouse epiblast cells lends support to our rationale that we might produce primed iPSCs for germ cell development (11– 11).
The difference may result from the fact that hES cells are developmentally similar to mouse epiblast cells (around 5.5 day of the embryo) and mES cells are from 3.5-d blastocysts [ 70, 71].
Through this method, we have accomplished, for the first time, a rapid, semi-automated, and highly sensitive ChIP assay to investigate the genome-wide landscape of histone modification H3K4me3 using 1 000 mouse epiblast cells at E6.5, and found that the H3K4me3 landscape of post-implantation epiblast is more similar to that of the mEpiSCs than that of mESCs.
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Recently, the metabolic profiling of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs), mouse epiblast stem cells (EpiSC), and human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) found that EpiSCs/hESCs possess higher glycolytic and lower OXPHOS activities compared with ESCs (Zhou et al., 2012).
Recent studies suggest that conventional human pluripotent cells resemble mouse epiblast stem cells more closely than mouse embryonic stem cells [ 9], indicating the possibility of a primitive subset of human pluripotent stem cells which have not been clearly delineated.
Specifically, the expression level of mCG and Bex1, which reflect the ability of primate ES cells to differentiate into trophectodermal cells, were almost the same in marmoset iPS and ES cells (Fig. 2C), showing that marmoset iPS cells are incapable of chimeric formation just like other primates ES cells or mouse epiblast stem cells.
In support of our observations, both human ES cells and mouse epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) display the propensity to form cardiomyocytes, which correlates with a propensity to form extraembryonic endoderm [51], [52].
Here we demonstrate that T(Bra) positive cells obtained from mouse epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) after culture in NMP-inducing conditions can generate both neural and mesodermal clones.
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