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We further investigated if the carcinogen or diet had any influence on normal mouse breast development by preparing breast whole mounts.
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MMTV studies in mice have implicated FGF3, FGF4, FGF8 and FGF10 (reviewed in: [ 6, 21]) in mouse breast cancer development.
In most aspects, human breast development resembles mouse mammary gland development [ 17], although there are some notable differences [ 18].
Although stromal ERα has been demonstrated to be critical for breast development in mice (Mueller et al. 2002), studies focusing on ERs and estrogen effects in tumor-associated stroma are rare.
However, the generation of mouse models of mutations associated with defects in breast development in humans has taken a more directed approach.
Fig. 1 Growth of 4T1luc mouse breast carcinoma metastatic lesions in syngeneic Balb/c mice.
To understand the in vivo role of MUC1-CD in breast development, we generated a MUC1-CD transgenic mouse model under the control of the MMTV promoter in a C57BL/6J background, which is more resistant to breast tumor.
There are numerous differences between the human breast and the mouse mammary gland that preclude the direct translation of rodent studies to human breast development.
Most studies conducted to elucidate the role of vitamin D in breast development have been based on the use of Vdr knockout mice.
To this point, human breast development in males is indistinguishable from female breast development, whereas in mice, androgen-dependent condensation of the mesenchyme surrounding the neck of the mammary bud results in destruction of the male mammary rudiment on or near embryonic day 14.
The hormonal control of breast development and pathology has been examined through animal model experimentation, most frequently involving mice and rats.
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