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Mouse apoE demonstrated a strong correlation with insoluble Aβ42 (Fig. 5e), in agreement with the observation that mouse apoE highly co-localized with plaques by co-staining.
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The extent to which apoE drives the aetiology of LOAD through these mechanisms is unclear; however, apoE mimetic peptides designed to mediate putative, beneficial effects of apoE demonstrated both behavioural and pathological benefits in mutant APP mice [ 65].
Figure 1A demonstrates that, in contrast to that of human apoE, mouse apoE exists predominantly in the monomeric state under the same experimental conditions.
Specific ELISA for mouse apoE and human apoE.
The apoE-/ mouse spontaneously develops LPG at the age of 86 weeks [ 12] and variations in the composition in dilated glomeruli lumens of apoE-/ mice compared to the apoE-Sendai mouse have been demonstrated.
Studies on ApoE-/ mice demonstrated favorable effects of treadmill running or swimming on plaque reduction after carotid injury or hypercholesterolemia respectively [31] [33].
However, plaques from both TIMP-1 −/− Apoe −/− and TIMP-2 −/− Apoe −/− mice demonstrated reduced vascular smooth muscle cell content compared with wild-type control animals (P < 0.01; Table 1 ; see Supplementary material online, Figure S2 and Figure 1 ).
We have recently developed a transgenic ApoE knockout mouse model demonstrating either mild or moderate hyperhomocysteinemia. Here, we describe how folate deficiency affects genomic DNA methylation in vascular tissue and aortic plaque formation in these mice, largely independently of increasing plasma homocysteine.
On the other hand, studies using the APOE-e4 transgenic mouse model have demonstrated the effect of running on restoring hippocampal plasticity and improving cognitive functions in this AD transgenic mouse model [ 193– 195].
Experimental studies using apoE-/ TNF-/ mice also demonstrated a significantly smaller lesion size in the aortic sinus compared with that of apoE-/ mice [ 51].
ABCA1 is required for the normal acquisition of lipids by APOE, as demonstrated by the presence of lipid-poor APOE-containing lipoprotein particles in ABCA1 knockout mice (Hirsch-Reinshagen et al., 2004; Wahrle et al., 2004).
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