To ensure each participant receives a similar training programme, all sequences will comprise approximately 60% cognitive-UL and 40% gross-motor training tasks individualised to the child's abilities.
Recently, it has been proposed to shift the focus toward the qualitative exercise characteristics to reap largest cognitive benefits from gross-motor cognitive training tasks that are both physically effortful and cognitively engaging [ 46].
2, 10 The paucity of longitudinal exercise interventions challenging neuromuscular coordination is surprising, since studies on motor training clearly demonstrate that movement task complexity and the related involvement of executive function have a strong impact on neuroplasticity and therefore on cognitive function.
Robotic systems can be administered under the supervision of a therapist, providing an intensive, task-oriented motor training of the patient's limbs, as part of an integrated set of rehabilitation tools including also nonrobotic approaches.
The superior effects of dual-task training on executive functions may be explained by these exercise-induced changes in the brain regions, although it remains to be further investigated whether these changes could be modified when motor training is performed concurrently with cognitive tasks.
Similarly, a self-advantage was demonstrated by Casile & Giese [35] in a behavioral task, in which only non-visual motor training was available to participants.
Interactive cognitive motor training is an intervention that integrates cognitive and motor tasks to promote individuals' physical and cognitive fall risk factors.
Participants were evaluated before and after training using a fixed version of the training task, and generalization of training was assessed using measures involving IR motor sequencing, switching and activities of daily living.
As both task-specificity and slow-development are most essential features for the development of motor learning, an ideal motor training paradigm should be long-term and voluntary, and display measurable effect with a task.
In the motor training with VRA, the time scale of a primitive reference velocity profile is automatically adapted to individual levels of task-related motor skills recorded in the past trials with no robotic assistance.
