The weekday-recitation task showed the lowest and the hand-motor task the highest heart-rate changes, except in the heart-rate group "small" where the verbal-fluency and hand-motor task did not differ significantly.
However, the difficulty of the FD task did not affect motor adaptation.
In order to examine this possibility, we collected fMRI data from 11 additional subjects who performed the active/passive conditions, using a simpler motor task that does not require training.
Yet the present study is the first to demonstrate the importance of pain anticipation for a motor task that does not directly involve the back.
At least one alternative explanation that we aim to assess in our future experiments is the effect of auditory-motor coupling on retention performance: comparing the present design with studies reporting interference effects for combined walking and learning [ 15- 18], the latter studies used more challenging motor tasks and did not temporally align motor and cognitive activities.
To make sure the secondary task did not interfere with the main task at the irrelevant level of perceptual/motor abilities, numbers were presented auditorally and the answer was given with the non-dominant hand.
Even though the locations of the multiple clusters were obtained from a factor analysis of the activation in response to the presentation of printed words, many of the factor-related locations have previously been shown to activate in perceptual or motor tasks that do not involve verbal stimuli but appear to entail the same factor.
To avoid biasing the processing of the stimuli of any given day based on the other conditions, the experiments labeled days 1 3 were always acquired in this particular chronological order to ensure that the motor task (day 3) does not bias the brain responses of the visual tasks (days 1 and 2).
Thus the task does not inherently involve the motor dynamics to accomplish it the participants are learning symbol pairs, not movements.
However, the finding that highly urbanized individuals were faster in solving the motor innovation task, but not the consumer innovation task, does not support for the existence of innovative 'personalities' in urbanized common mynas.
