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Underlying the defecation motor programme is an oscillator which functions in the intestinal cells of the animal.
We consider that a potential site along the motor pathway for the SAS to release the prepared motor programme is located at subcortical motor centers with enough hierarchy to activate a sufficient number of motoneurons for full motor programme execution.
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Our favourite songs transport us largely by conjuring surrogate emotions: the neural apparatus of emotion, reward, autonomic and motor programmes is hard-wired into our experience of music and this may have been the very point of music, in evolutionary terms (Zatorre and Salimpoor, 2013; Clark et al., 2015).
Other studies have similarly reported the absence of startle from trials where loud stimuli triggered rapid (sometimes even involuntary) responses – including where the released motor programmes were postural reflexes and stepping (MacKinnon et al., 2007; Reynolds and Day, 2007).
The theoretical basis of the programme is that motor learning is complex and hierarchical; one needs to perform frequent and systematic practice to master foundation levels before progressing to harder, more complex speech patterns.
The assumption is that some motor programmes can be stored in a pre-prepared state and are subject to triggered reflex-like release, such as by loud auditory stimuli.
The programme is grounded in theory of motor control and learning and is informed by an extensive motor learning literature [ 42].
Perhaps also, the selection of motor programmes, as is proposed for the direct pathway, requires more 'thalamic' information than does the suppression of motor behaviours, as is proposed for the indirect pathway.
The first vehicle to emerge in this programme is the Audi Q1, which we should see at the Geneva motor show in March 2016.
The first programme is simple.
The programme is severely strained.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com