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Then, for the controller design, control-oriented model of LLRR is studied and validated by both simulation and experiments, including the kinematic model of mechanical system, friction model of rotation joints and motor model of actuators.
For example, in order to be able to repeat a word articulated by someone else, it is crucial to generate a complete motor model of the articulatory sequence.
However, analysis of the time course and pattern of myosin-Ic expression in IHC and OHC stereocilia [ 53, 58] poses several challenges to the motor model of adaptation [ 24].
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The proposed modelling approach results in three motor models of increasing complexity independently of the low-level piezoelectric properties of the driving elements.
Meanwhile, the pendulum equation or analogous ones can be used to depict the synchronous electric motor models of a single machine infinite bus [31], Josephson junctions [32 34], super-conducting derive [35], shunted model of electrical rotator [36], and many other applications.
Tightly linked feedback (i.e. generation of motor models of a speaker's articulatory movements) and forward (i.e. predicting their sensory consequences) mechanisms could help in constructing accurate motor models of a speaker's articulatory movements and aid in categorizing his/her speech sounds.
Generation of internal motor models of the speaker's articulatory movements could possibly facilitate speech comprehension, since there are physical constraints on how articulators can move during speech production.
The key question is whether the human brain generates motor models of the speaker's articulatory movements during listening to speech and whether this process contributes to speech perception.
Since the movements of the articulators that modulate the shape of the vocal tract are constrained and less variable than acoustic speech signals, generation of internal motor models of the articulatory gestures of the speaker might aid in categorization of his/her speech sounds (Liberman et al. 1967; Liberman and Mattingly 1985; Davis and Johnsrude 2007; Möttönen and Watkins forthcoming).
The key question is whether the articulatory motor cortex is only involved in production of speech sounds or whether it also supports speech perception by generating motor models of speech sounds produced by others (Liberman et al. 1967; Stevens and Halle 1967; Liberman and Mattingly 1985).
In this paper, we discuss some recent experimental results in light of COSMO, a Bayesian perceptuo-motor model of speech communication.
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