For the past two decades, it has generally been accepted that sleep benefits motor memory consolidation processes.
One possible mechanism of (retrograde) interference in motor learning may be disruption of motor memory consolidation processes.
The detected increased functional connectivity of the MFG with the region being involved in tonal processing (r-BA44) as well as with the region constituting the MNS parietal component (IPL) supports the concept of MFG's role in motor working memory processes.
Crucially, there are riddles surrounding the brain organization of perception, motor and memory processes that have not been solved in spite of efforts in current neuroscience and cognitive research.
In such cases, there is no error signal and therefore no competing motor memory consolidation process.
Due to specific auditory-motor and visual-motor connectivity pathways, verbal memory processes primarily draw on superior temporal/temporoparietal auditory and inferior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
Hadipour-Niktarash et al. [32] recently suggested that M1 contributes to the slow processes that maintain motor memory.
Consolidation may be defined as a set of processes whereby a motor memory is stabilized with continued passage of time and becomes less susceptible to disruption from a competing memory [19], [20].
In this context, M1 has been demonstrated as one key brain structure engaged not only in the fast acquisition but also in consolidation and re-consolidation processes of a motor memory trace (Censor et al., 2010, Muellbacher et al., 2002).
As a result, syllables have the ideal temporal format to interface with, e.g., hippocampal memory processes, or with motor routines reflecting other types of rhythmic mechanical constrains, e.g., the natural motion rate of the jaw (4Hz) (Lieberman, 1985).
