The a priori regions of interest for activation effects in subjects with SCI were the left primary motor cortex, left dorsal premotor cortex and left rostral and caudal ventrolateral premotor cortex for the handgrip.
Ravnkilde et al. [ 90], by means of PET in normal subjects, showed that during phonological fluency task left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left and right inferior frontal cortex, left supplementary motor cortex, left and middle anterior cingulate gyrus, left orbitofrontal cortex, right posterior temporal lobe and cerebellum (mainly in the right hemisphere) were activated.
Cortical silent period was measured in the moderately tonically active FDI (25 30% of maximal contraction) by stimulating the contralateral motor cortex (left or right) with TMS intensities of S1 mV.
The first stage of this surgery was intended to remove the whole of the frontal cortex in the left hemisphere, except for the primary motor cortex, leaving the underlying white matter and corpus striatum intact.
There was unilateral activation of left motor and premotor cortex, left inferior frontal gyrus and right cerebellum (Supplementary Table ST1).
In addition, the left superior parietal cortex, anterior cingulate gyrus, insula, motor and premotor cortex, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, Broca's area, and occipital cortices were activated.
eThe study investigated the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation of the left primary motor cortex and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on LEPs.
Both tasks generated significant activity in bilateral midfusiform gyrus, largely right lateralized activity in the posterior parietal cortex, left lateralized activity in the left motor cortex (consistent with right handed response) and generally right lateralized insular activation.
The bilateral somatosensory cortex, left premotor cortex, bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, right premotor cortex, bilateral supplementary motor areas and bilateral superior parietal lobules participate in the discrimination of sensory features of pain [28].
We also found increased activation in unaffected siblings, relative to control subjects, in a number of temporal and frontal brain areas, namely, the left primary motor cortex (P < 0.001), left anterior superior temporal sulcus (P < 0.001), left inferior frontal gyrus (P < 0.001) and right (P < 0.001) and left (P = 0.001) insula, all at an uncorrected whole brain level.
In the present study, the increased response after 5 Hz TMS to left motor cortex was observed specifically over left premotor cortex.
