Taken together, the posterior portion of the left IFG, BA44, may play a role in mediating between long-term phonological representations of motor articulation and short-term phonological representation in the sensory area (pSTG incorporating PT) (Rauschecker and Scott 2009).
Such results suggest that motor articulation affects also earlier stages of speech planning [Oppenheim and Dell, 2010], although this view has not been without controversy [Corley et al., 2011].
The comparative reviews among those experimental results address the issues of local vs distributed representations in representing behavior and the effectiveness of level structures associated with different sensory-motor articulation mechanisms.
Therefore, instead of the semantic structuring, it might be the grammatical formulation, the phonological specification, or the motor programming for articulation during which the encoding of the interrogative mood was connected with the nogo decision.
Levelt divides speech output into four main serial processes: concept generation, word-finding, motor planning and articulation (Levelt, 1999).
The use of robotics may further enhance the precision of the operation; robotic systems can reduce human tremor, provide haptic feedback, and improve motor skills and articulation capabilities.
Acoustic reduction for repeated words could be the result of articulation and motor practice (Lam & Watson, 2014), facilitated production (Gahl, Yao, & Johnson, 2012; Kahn & Arnold, 2015), or audience design and shared common ground (Galati & Brennan, 2010).
Producing a word from an intended concept involves the activation of a semantic representation, retrieval of the word from memory, preparation of the word's phonological code, planning the motor gestures leading to articulation of the speech sounds composing the word.
Furthermore, impaired oral motor function can influence articulation.
For example, in tests of fine motor control and speech articulation, women generally outperform men (Jennings et al., 1998).
From these findings it was speculated that FOXP1 might play an important role in the development of brain circuits that coordinate fine sequential motor control required for articulation.
