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The former claim that if someone has a reason to do A, then it follows by necessity that she actually is somewhat motivated to do A (on the Motivation version), or actually has a desire that would be served by doing A (on the State version).
It is plausible that objections of this kind will be effective against any nontrivial Counterfactual Motivation version of internalism.
But the view supported by this argument is not a weak, Counterfactual Motivation version of internalism; rather it is a more general kind of Actual State view, claiming a connection between reasons and all psychological states relevant to the explanation of action.
Indeed, Williams' skepticism about 'external reasons' would then be directed not against those who reject Counterfactual Motivation accounts—he just assumes that his opponent agrees with him that reasons must be able to motivate but against many philosophers who have championed some Counterfactual Motivation version of internalism, like Nagel (1970) and Darwall (1983).
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(Nontrivial) Counterfactual Motivation versions of internalism are sometimes accused of committing a 'conditional fallacy'.
Because it is uncontroversial that an agent can have reasons to do things that she is not actually motivated to do (particularly if she is unaware of those reasons), we will assume that interesting Motivation versions of internalism take Counterfactual forms.
Whatever the motivation, the Kloe version is an inspired addition to the genre.
The motivation for this version of the Special Relationship account comes from thinking about the species relationship as analogous to other relationships (biological, social, etc).
In Studies 1 3, participants rated their emotional reactions (distress and sympathy toward the victims), perceived impact of helping, perceived responsibility to help, and helping motivation toward four versions of a helping situation.
Representation of the states Swing and Stance: A family of models, although different in detail, shares the property to operate without an explicit representation of the states Swing and Stance, different to the solution represented by the selector net in earlier versions of Walknet and by application of motivation units in later versions (e.g., Schilling et al. 2007 and Fig. 5).
Short version: voter motivation could prove decisive in the referendum result, because the greater appetite of pro-independence voters to cast a vote could add 2% to the final yes tally.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com