In contrast, evolutionary thinking favors hypothesizing multiple functions designed to strategically manage specific threats (e.g., pathogen threats should motivate responses targeted to deter contagion), and views anxiety as a proximate tool rather than an ultimate problem.
But if extremism is motivated in response to external conditions, then those who are responsible for those conditions are responsible (and need to work to change those conditions).
Harmodius and Aristogiton's deed did not end the Peisistratid tyranny Hippias ruled for three more years, and their act was, furthermore, personally motivated, a response to an insult by Hippias (according to the historian Herodotus) rather than the product of political conviction but they became known in popular tradition as a symbol of resistance to tyranny.
This government action was motivated in response to public clamor resulting from the Great Drought, which resulted in hundreds of thousands of casualties.
For some HIV-infected patients, awareness of their increased risk of TB motivated their response: "I was coughing, my bones pained and I was losing weight…I thought I had TB …I went to the ARV doctor because I had an appointment … and told him how I feel.
Consequently, it is perhaps more important than ever to focus not only on what motivates response and participation but rather what non-response or refusal to participate actually means and what the reasons behind it are.
Are these ties based on inter-personal relationships, or on the basis of shared identification with some set of cultural symbols, such as the rituals around baseball that appear to have motivated the responses of Yankee fans [29], [30].
Robert Trivers, who introduced the theory of reciprocal altruism in 1971, suggests that gratitude is the emotion that regulates our response to altruistic acts by others (and motivates our response in kind).
In the end, the books overlap most in their embrace of the idea that the human influence on climate requires a concerted response, but that the rhetoric of catastrophe is unlikely to motivate that response.
As indicated previously, while there is interest in understanding the response of consumers to dynamic pricing, there is also interest in exploring the effect of additional factors that can motivate demand response or otherwise 'nudge' consumers in the 'right' direction.
