The fundamental aim of all these techniques is to achieve and maintain an expanded spinal canal while preserving motion and alignment of the cervical spine.
Dynamic analysis of the effect of anti-pronation taping on foot motion and alignment has been less commonly used, even though studies have questioned the actual validity of static measures in predicting dynamic foot function [ 1].
Range of motion and alignment was documented for all patients at their final visit to the outpatient clinic in follow-up and these data were obtained from the outpatient medical charts.
The approach allowed to directly treat the coupling between internal motion and alignment, and to use a construct in which the alignment is not dominated by a given domain.
The knee score measures knee pain (50%), range of motion (25%), and alignment and stability of the knee (25%).
The volume data itself however will differ between the volumes because of noise, illumination, motion artifacts and alignment related distortions.
A score of 0 represents a normal range of motion (ROM) and alignment, a score of 1, a 0%to5%5% decrease in ROM or malalignment, a score of 2, a 6%to25%5% decrease in ROM or mild malalignment, a score of 3, a 26%to75%% decrease in ROM or joint subluxation, and a score of 4, a 76% to 100% decrease in ROM or joint fusion or joint dislocation.
The outcomes of internal and external fixation were compared using continuous measures of grip strength, wrist range of motion and radiographic alignment, and categoric measures of pain, physician-rated outcome scales and complication rates.
During followup visits, we evaluated elbow motion including flexion-extension, pronosupination, finger motion, and radiographic alignment (Fig. 9A B).
Interventions based on such an approach include: facilitation of normal movement patterns and postural control through physical handling [ 6- 8], maintaining range of motion and joint alignment through stretching, casting and splinting [ 9, 10], strength training [ 11- 13], and treadmill training [ 14].
The Knee Society score (KSS) is a tool for assessing a patient's: pain, flexion (range of motion), and knee alignment and function (walking ability, stair climbing ability, and need for walking aids).
