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The functional role of a number of downstream effectors of c-di-GMP has been characterized as affecting exopolysaccharide (EPS) production, transcription, motility, and surface attachment (Caly et al., 2015; Camilli and Bassler, 2006; Ha and O'Toole, 2015; Pesavento and Hengge, 2009).
Vibrio cholerae ppk mutants show defects in growth, motility, and surface attachment, features linked to virulence [8], [9].
We have identified genes that are likely involved in the development of the B. pseudomallei biofilm phenotype, including quorum sensing, motility and surface composition-related genes (Fig. 2a).
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A series of bacterial components for motility and cell surface structures can be implicated in the colonization of the gut epithelium by A. platycodi and Saccharibacter.
As expected, late genes were significantly enriched in proteins involved in host-parasite interactions and pathogenesis (merozoite invasion and motility, merozoite surface proteins) and cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis.
The ability of surfactants to promote bacterial motility and alter cell surface charge [50], [51] could also help to release bacteria from biofilms.
It mediates surface attachment, surface motility, and its retraction can generate high mechanical force (Maier and Wong, 2015; Maier, 2013).
We show that this setup is highly versatile because it supports growth, starvation and surface motility.
We further show how the system may be used to study the formation of bacterial micro-colonies and surface motility.
16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analysis groups A. dehalogenans together with the myxobacteria, which have distinguishing characteristics including strictly aerobic metabolism, sporulation, fruiting body formation, and surface motility.
From this observation, it was hypothesized that in an unfavorable nutritional environment, biosurfactant production and surface motility are over expressed in order to prevent P. aeruginosa from settling into a biofilm [ 44].
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