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The motif segments are allowed to propagate to maximize the amino acid conservation scores.
Our results extended these and earlier findings by implicating 5S beyond 23S and 16S rRNA of S. aureus and also Gram-negative E. coli as well as mtrRNA as immune stimulatory P-/DAMPs that activate hTLR8 with their UR/URR motif segments [ 11, 13].
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A few side chains outside of the motif segment were not resolved in the electron density map perhaps due to inherent flexibility.
In the cytosol, gp78 uses a VIM (VCP-interacting motif) segment to bind p97/VCP (Ballar et al., 2006).
Each HMM contains states for a unique motif, and background states that model inter-motif segments (Fig. 1).
Finally, sequences are annotated according to segments (20 50 amino acids) flanking the EPIYA motifs (segments EPIYA-A, -B, -C, or –D) [20 23], after the identification of the essential CagA phosphorylation sites as confirmed by mutagenesis during infection and transfection [24].
Having established the cognate sequences of human Kir isoforms, it was possible to derive a series of human-cognate 'bracketing' primers that encompassed the G(Y/F G- and ILE-motif segments (Fig. 2).
The H. influenzae and A. actinomycetemcomitans USSs have been shown to also share conserved motifs (segments 2 and 3) on the 3' side of the USS core [ 9, 12].
In the Hin-type USS this 6nt-motif segment consists primarily of Ts, and is centred 12 positions to the right of segment 2. In A. pleuropneumoniae and M. haemolytica, segment 3 extends slightly farther to the left and substantially farther to the right, and has the more complex consensus AAAATTTTGCAAAT.
Here, "motif" and "segment" are used to designate the five-member sequence (EPIYA) and the short sequences around the EPIYA motif, respectively (Figure 1).
The four amino acids TIDD and TIDF following EPIYA motifs in segments C and D are reported to be important for the binding SHP-2 [24], [24]; therefore, the frequency of the four amino acids following EPIYA motifs in all EPIYA segments may be useful.
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