NPC differentiation was divergent: fNPC differentiated into mostly glial cells, compared with neuronal differentiation of aNPC.
PSA-NCAM, polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule, is highly expressed in neural progenitor cells or mostly glial progenitor cells during brain development [ 88].
The brain's "white matter"—as opposed to its gray matter, which is composed of neurons consists mostly of glial cells, which produce the fat and protein myelin sheaths that insulate a neuron's branching axons, the slender fibers that conduct electrical impulses to other cells.
White matter structure consists mostly of glial cells and myelinated axons that transmit signals from one region of the cerebrum to another.
In the nervous system, NPD1 seems to be produced mostly by glial cells and also acts on them in an autocrine or paracrine manner, reducing cytokine expression.
Protein S100B, which is a major subordinate unit in mammals, is located mostly in glial cells of the central (predominantly astrocytes) and peripheral nervous system, but also in chondrocytes, melanocytes, and adipocytes [ 3].
Like Blocq and Marinesco, Redlich also believed that plaques corresponded to a modified type of glial cell, mostly because of the presence of fibrous material.
Thus, temperature-regulated metabolism can only partially explain the 4-40-fold brain size difference shown in Figure 1A, and other factors, such as increases in non-neuron cell (mostly glial) numbers (as reflected in Figure 4B), may be essential factors in explaining brain size differences.
It is mostly expressed by glial cells and in neuronal subpopulations [ 7, 8] and exerts paracrine and autocrine effects on neurons and glia.
John GR, Lee SC, Brosnan CF. Cytokines: powerful regulators of glial cell activation.
