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We used colonies of bumble bees in winter and in spring, i.e. when few and most wild pollinators are in their flight period, respectively.
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In Europe and North America, bumblebees are among the most important wild pollinators of crops [8].
DWV was in fact the most prevalent virus in the wild pollinators, which may help explain the increased detection of DWV in pollen pellets of honey bee foragers.
Meanwhile, wild pollinators are, by most accounts, in the midst of a crisis of their own.
These findings suggest that intensive land use such as intensive fruit cultivation can undermine the pollination service of wild pollinators.
Unfortunately, this increase cannot counteract the growing demand for pollination or the shortage of wild pollinators.
Strictly speaking, because wild pollinators may interact with managed pollinators thereby increasing crop pollination [6], [56] [58], the value of wild pollination as calculated above represents both wild pollination in the absence of managed pollination and interactive effects when both these pollination services are present.
But noted that it did not assess wild pollinators which, alongside honeybees, are vital in pollinating three-quarters of all food crops.
Managed and wild pollinators of different functional groups can provide pollination services in agricultural landscapes.
However, crop pollination services might be compromised when wild pollinators are scarce.
Recent estimates indicate that insect pollinators contribute over $200 billion in pollination services for approximately two-thirds of crop species and most wild flowering plants.
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