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If multiple BACs were available, priority was given to the one that included the most upstream sequence.
Rapid amplification of cDNA ends was used to obtain the 5′ terminus of the RNA (5′-RACE; Invitrogen) with primers designed from the most upstream sequence (Table S1).
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The most divergent upstream sequences from zebrafish and Xenopus contain longer uORFs (nine and seven codons, respectively), and downstream of the zebrafish uORF, an in-frame ATG is present (Fig. 3A).
Thus, most of the upstream sequence of the lipoprotein_1 gene would have been lost upon a putative translocation of lipoprotein_1.
Because the two tetranucleotides are similar, with the exception that the most 3'-end of the upstream sequence is A (−42) the corresponding position of the downstream sequence is G (−31), we examined the effect of base substitution of the G at position −31.
* p < 0.01 (Wilcoxon test for comparison with autosomal genes) Gene length: length of transcribed DNA sequence from most upstream transcriptional start site to most downstream transcriptional termination site; intergenic region: For this, the intergenic segments between any two genes were cut into two halves.
It is the most highly conserved nucleotide in the upstream sequence.
For each sequence, we used the free energy of the predicted minimum free energy structure (the most negative ΔG, ΔGup in the upstream sequence and ΔGdown in the downstream sequence) as a measure of secondary structure formation.
Since 5' and 3' ends of a sRNA may vary by a few nucleotides, at least 10 clones for each 5' and 3' RACE analysis should be sequenced, and the most upstream 5' nucleotide is regarded as the transcription initiation site and the most downstream 3' nucleotide is regarded as the transcription termination site.
If more than one TSS was present the sequence stretch was calculated from the most upstream and most downstream sitting sites, respectively.
Bar coding of samples coupled to automation of steps prior to sequencing has the potential to handle most upstream process issues.
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