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Our results strongly suggest that strata 4 and 5 the most recent strata in humans were formed by Y inversions, which give support to the model proposed by Lahn and Page (1999) that X Y recombination has been suppressed by Y inversions.
The limits between strata seemed to overlap, especially those of the most recent strata (3 and 4).
It is notable in this respect that the oldest sample (Napatan) had the most such mutations and samples from the most recent strata (Islamic) had none, again consistent with base modification over time.
Here, we looked for such evidence by focusing on a region the X-added region (XAR)—that includes the pseudoautosomal region and the most recent strata 3 to 5. We estimated and analyzed the whole set of parsimonious scenarios of Y inversions given the gene order in XAR and its Y homolog.
First, our method identifies the previously defined boundaries of the human PAR1 and the two most recent strata (fig. 2, table 1, and supplementary fig. S3, Supplementary Material online), which have been described in detail and independently confirmed by different studies (Ross et al. 2005; Lemaitre et al. 2009b).
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Arab Muslims were only the most recent stratum of a civilization with its foundations in Near Eastern myth.
It represented the most recent stratum of social and cultural sediment built up over centuries.
Ross et al. (2005) found that LINEs increase in frequency with increasing stratum age (at least when considering the most recent three strata) but did not observe a monotonic pattern with respect to GC content.
Our results strongly support the view that the most recent human strata have arisen by Y inversions and suggest that inversions have played a major role in the differentiation of our sex chromosomes.
The GPs' first-ranked reasons for non-treatment were also evaluated by category and most recent HbA1c stratum.
This showed for the first time that it was possible to find a scenario of inversions consistent with the human strata, at least the most recent ones (i.e., strata 4 and 5).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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