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The study showed the occurrence of 40 genotypes and 48 most probable haplotypes.
Thereafter, for each animal, we reconstructed the two most probable haplotypes.
The most probable haplotypes were reconstructed using the program PHASE [ 21- 23].
This software estimates the most probable haplotypes for each genotype based on an EM algorithm (Expectation-Maximization) that incorporates a coalescence hypothesis in a maximum likelihood model.
To examine the effect of phasing on our results we repeated the analysis using the most probable haplotypes inferred by Beagle [ 10].
Second, because some DNA samples failed in the genotyping, we used the Bayesian statistical method to infer the most probable haplotypes, which may have potential errors.
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However, we also found that when the most probable haplotype pair has a probability between 0.3 and 0.7, the phase is likely to be incorrect.
(3) To further differentiate 2b: The error made by using the expected number of haplotype copies, H→H* (3a), versus the error made by using the most probable haplotype, H→C* (3b).
The PHASE software version 2.1 [ 64, 65] was used to determinate the most probable haplotype constitution of each sample.
The output includes a summary of results with an estimate of population haplotype frequency and lists of the most probable haplotype pairs for each individual.
The most probable haplotype constitution of each sample was also inferred with a maximum likelihood method using the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm implemented in Arlequin v3.1 [ 49].
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