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Although most primary breast malignancies strongly express cytokeratin 7 and not cytokeratin 20, these 2 markers are usually absent in carcinoid tumors.
While colocalization of ERα and Ki-67 is rare in most primary breast cancers, there do exist some cancer cells in some primary breast tumors showing colocalization of ERα and Ki-67 suggesting the possibility of autocrine regulation.
While epithelial cells derived from most primary breast tumors rapidly revert to regulated growth dictated by environmental signals, immortal breast epithelial cells are insensitive to such cues, which may be the underlying basis for their continued selection in vitro.
A previous study from our group clearly demonstrated that, although most variation in methylation status is present between individual breast cancers, clonal epigenetic heterogeneity is seen within most primary breast carcinomas, indicating that methylation results from a single random sample may not be representative of the whole tumor [ 30].
While these data don't exclude the possibility of a paracrine regulation of cell proliferation by ERα in these cells, the colocalization of ERα and Ki-67 does support the hypothesis that ERα may mediate cell proliferation in an autocrine mode in these ERα-positive breast cancer cell lines, a mechanism absent in normal mammary cells and most primary breast tumors [ 1- 3, 16- 18, 23, 24].
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High expression of IGF-1R has been demonstrated in most primary human breast cancers when compared with normal or benign breast tissue, and hyperactivation of IGF-1R in breast cancer has been linked with increased radioresistance and cancer recurrence at the primary site [ 39, 44, 45].
Most of primary breast carcinomas originate in the ducts or lobules of the breast and the presence of an in situ (intraductal) component is the only absolute proof of the primary breast carcinoma [ 21].
In order to improve the antineoplastic activity of gefitinib, we investigated the effects of blocking the signalling of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R), a tyrosine kinase with a crucial role in malignancy that is coexpressed with EGFR in most human primary breast carcinomas.
Why can we not culture most of the primary breast cancers?
To this end, we demonstrate that NVP-AUY922 exhibited significant antiproliferative properties against most established and primary breast cancer cells.
AREG is overexpressed in most ERα-positive primary breast tumors, and EGFR expression in breast cancer has been associated with poor prognosis and resistance to hormone therapy [ 15].
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