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In fact, in the subgenus Drosophila, TCC becomes the third most preferred codon with TCG rising to the second most preferred.
We also observed that some genomes use sets of most avoided and most preferred codon pairs different from the conserved sets identified in this study.
It can be seen that the most avoided and the most preferred codon pairs are uniformly distributed across all three domains of life.
For Arabidopsis, the most frequent motif found in this study (GAA/TTC) is also the most preferred codon used by this species (GAA) with 34.3% of the occurrences.
This is in contrast to statistics that are sensitive to the frequency with which the most preferred codon occurs, such as the CAI, where methionine and tryptophan are explicitly ignored [ 21].
TCC is the preferred codon in all members of the melanogaster group (Dsim, Dsec, Dmel, Dyak, Dere, and Dana) whereas in the two members of the obscura group (Dpse and Dper) AGC is slightly more preferred and in the subgenus Drosophila (Dmoj, Dvir and Dgri) AGC is the most preferred codon.
Similar(53)
The 10 most preferred codon-triplets indicate that the codon-triplets with highest positive bias are common in all fungal ORFeomes.
Indeed, of the 10 most preferred codon-triplets in C. albicans, 7 corresponded to contexts of repeated codons (Table 2) whose decoding involves low abundance tRNAs (either cognate or near-cognate), as, for example, the above mentioned Asn codons, AAC and AAT.
How are the most preferred and avoided codon pairs distributed among different phylogenetic classes of organisms?
Interestingly, when the most preferred or repressed codon-pair contexts of all organisms were considered (Table 1), but also when common rules were selected (Table 2), there was little or no overlapping between the context patterns of the 3 domains of life.
As the codon usage in the native luciferase from G. princeps deviated strongly from that in nuclear genes of C. reinhardtii, we adjusted all codons to the most preferred triplets in Chlamydomonas (according to the codon usage table for Chlamydomonas: http://www.kazusa.org.jp/codon; Fig. 1a).
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