Consequently, while it is not possible to conclusively identify the paternal contribution to whale 2, nor exclude it from being a F1-Fx hybrid between B. bonaerensis and any of the B. acutorostrata sub-species, results from Bayesian cluster analysis (Fig. 2) and direct genetic assignment (Table 3) indicate the most likely paternal contribution from B.a. acutorostrata.
The most likely paternal configurations were also compared with the minimum numbers of sires explaining offspring genotypes in each half-sib family, obtained using MINSIRES, a software that calculates the minimum number of sires from multi-locus genotypes of progeny in cases with large number of sires per brood [31].
Critical Delta criteria [defined as the difference in LOD (the natural log of the overall likelihood ratio) scores between the most likely paternal parent and the second most likely paternal parent] were obtained from simulations and used as a criterion for assignment of parentage.
The most likely paternally inherited marker haplotypes and thus, indirectly, the inherited paternal QTL alleles were inferred, and eleven heifers were selected from the pool of daughters.
MLPA identified four copies of this region, whereas FISH confirmed a tetrasomy (1 3, one normal chromosome and a 22q11.2 triplication in the other) that was most likely inherited from a paternal duplication (1 2) with an extra copy [ 12].
It has been shown that treatment of an AS model mouse with the topoisomerase inhibitor topotecan can restore some UBE3A expression from the paternal allele, most likely by reducing the expression of the antisense that normally silences paternal UBE3A23.
Our goal was to clarify when environmental adaptive parental effects (whether maternal or paternal) are most likely to evolve as a consequence of sex-biased dispersal and of the spatial heterogeneity of the environment, to test predictions of previous verbal models.
Although there are mechanisms to explain an association with paternal smoking in the absence of an association with maternal smoking for example, smoking may cause germline mutations the most likely explanation for the association with paternal smoking is perhaps chance variability.
Subsequently, Kochanska, Aksan, and Joy (2007) observed that highly fearful 15-month-olds experiencing high levels of power-assertive paternal discipline were most likely to cheat in a game at 38 months, yet when cared for in a supportive manner such negatively emotional, fearful toddlers manifested the most rule-compatible conduct.
Tobacco is an allotetraploid (2n = 4 × = 48) derived from the interspecific hybridisation of two progenitor genomes; a maternal 'S' genome, originating from an ancestor of N. sylvestris, and a paternal 'T' genome, most likely originating from a lineage of N. tomentosiformis [ 2- 4].
We thus conclude that these most likely represent misassemblies in the maternal and/or paternal genome rather than true indel RNA-DNA differences.
