In particular, as σ g 2 increases P SGV decreases, because most large-effect alleles remain deleterious even if environmental change is fast.
Under slow change, in contrast, most large-effect alleles from the standing variation, by the time they are needed, are already eliminated by drift or stabilizing selection.
Probably the most common large effect of other organisms is due to Ondatra (muskrat) activities in cutting and excavating rhizomes and culm bases for food and lodge construction.
The most prominent effect caused by large herbivores is defoliation, leading to a decrease in vegetation height and structural complexity (Fig. 3, Path 4).
The effect sizes (w) indicate that the effects are at least of a medium size (>|0.3|) and most are large effects (>|0.5|).
These data indicate that the deleterious effects of most large deletions result from the collapse of regulatory networks.
Within the group consisting of large somatotypes, the most prominent effects were shown in ER-negative (OR comparing large to lean somatotype at age seven years = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.21 to 0.75, P trend = 0.002) and PR-negative (0.63, 95% CI = 0.40 to 0.99, P trend = 0.028) tumours.
Most telling is the large effect for 4-CN-Phe 4-CN-Phe 4-CN-Phe
More plant-based examples exist than their animal counterparts, and even here, the polymorphisms that are more readily identified are most commonly of very large effect.
Even in the most favorable case (complete support, large effect size), only 26% of the genes are declared to be tissue-selective, corresponding to a false negative rate of 74%.
However, in the absence of detailed empirical evidence, our model captures the plausible situation for which a few genes may have a large effect but most of the variance is explained by a larger number of loci with a small effect [ 26, 27, 28].
