Fracturing fluids can be classified into conventional and unconventional fracturing fluids (Gupta 2009).
Schlumberger, a service company that performs fracturing operations on behalf of gas companies, said it was working on "green" fracturing fluids, including safer substitutes for hazardous chemicals.
During hydraulic fracturing, a fracturing fluid is injected continuously into the formation, and fractures will propagate dynamically.
The components of fracturing fluids and drilling muds to be used in a well near a farm should be reported".
There has been public concern for the components of fracturing fluids that could represent a threat to drinking water sources.
With the injection of fracturing fluids, crack areas and total formation filtration increase and crack propagation velocity decreases.
Fracturing fluids contain high total dissolved solids (TDS); thus, changes in TDS concentrations in groundwater might indicate influences of fracturing fluids.
Fracturing fluids can move through the environment and come into contact with humans in a number of ways, including surface leaks, spills, releases from holding tanks, poor well construction, leaks and accidents during transportation of fluids, flowback and produced water to and from the well pad, and run-off during blowouts, storms, and flooding events (Rozell and Reaven 2012).
Unconventional oil and gas (hereinafter "UOG") development and production involve multiple sources of physical stressors (e.g., noise, light, and vibrations) [ 6], toxicants (e.g., benzene, constituents in drilling and hydraulic fracturing fluids) [ 8], and radiological materials (e.g., technologically-enhanced, naturally-occurring radioactive material) [ 9], including air emissions [ 10, 11].
In the beginning of fracturing, both the fracturing fluid rate and filtration coefficient appear obvious variation, and both of them remain unchanged later.
