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Most fern stems also are covered with a protective indument, consisting of hairs or scales; these are so distinctive that they are valuable in identification and classification.
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Most fern spores require light for germination.
Fern stems vary from the tall, narrow trunks of certain tree ferns that reach 25 metres (80 feet) tall down to clumped or creeping rootstocks, or rhizomes.
Fern stems never become woody (composed of secondary tissue containing lignin), because all tissues of the plant body originate at the stem apex.
Leaves and leaf bases play a major role in the protection of fern stems, and many stems are said to have a leaf armour.
More common in fern stems are siphonosteles, having a pith in the centre with the vascular tissue forming a cylinder around it.
Although genetic tests have shown that many, if not most, fern species tend to have an outcrossing breeding system, some other species are involved in the case of ferns with remote disjunctions separated growing regions.
After pectate lyase pretreatment LM21 bound to primary cell walls in most fern species.
Push the shovel straight down into the soil about 6 inches away from the fern stems, all the way around the fern.
A homosporous life history occurs in Psilotum (Psilotophyta), Lycopodium (Lycophyta), Equisetum (Sphenophyta), and most ferns (Pteridophyta).
When that happened, though, most ferns could not stand the competition and were driven to extinction.
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