In cell communication, signal transduction was affected in every tissue for all or most exposure conditions, while intercellular signaling was only affected after 1 h in spleen.
The average luminance measurement is used in most exposure applications.
Moreover, AC and PC HIF-1α levels remained elevated after 24 h for most exposures, whereas expression levels in EC cell line had already returned to baseline.
Most exposures resulted in an induction of DNA damage signaling and apoptosis genes and a reduced expression of cell division genes in cells of both genotypes.
With arsenite exposure, most dead cells showed histological and biochemical evidence of necrosis.
After 48 hr of exposure, most proliferating cells were in G0/G1-phase (53.5% ± 3.4%), whereas 28% ± 1.8% were in S-phase, and 18.4% ± 2.8% cells were in G2/M-phase, independent of exposure conditions.
The latter requires energy to be exported from the cell and results in a potentially toxic acidic microenvironment since most mammalian cells cannot survive prolonged exposure to an extracellular pH lower than 7.2.
However, it can only be used at a low concentration (up to 2 μM) as most of cells were killed after their exposure to high concentrations of ATO.
After exposure to 25 μg/ml EcEE, most mitotic cells presented abnormalities (80%and63%3% after 24 and 48 h, respectively).
