Large herbivores can have a strong impact on soil properties, with some of the most consistent outcomes being altered levels of soil nutrients, pH values, water availability (Milchunas & Lauenroth, 1993; Bakker, Olff & Gleichman, 2009) and increased soil compaction (Trimble & Mendel, 1995) (Fig. 3, Path 5).
5 The most consistent volume-outcome relations have been for procedures such as pancreatectomy and oesophagectomy, probably because they have sufficient case denominators and frequency of measurable adverse events to show differences between providers.
The PASI is currently regarded as one of the most reliable and consistent outcome measures, thus is commonly used in clinical studies.
Where multiple outcomes were reported, we selected the outcome most consistent with other studies; for example, in the childhood morbidity analysis, hypertension was the most commonly reported outcome therefore this was selected primarily, followed by other components of the metabolic syndrome.
Descriptively, Rhyme yielded the least consistent and Rhyme&Melody the most consistent increase in learning outcome over Prose, with Melody yielding an intermediate increase.
APACHE II demonstrated the most consistent discrimination of individual outcome across a variety of patient groups undergoing emergency laparotomy when used either preoperatively or postoperatively (area under the curve 0.76 0.98).
One of the most consistent predictors of positive outcome across therapy regimens is the presence of ELM-Lig-SH3-3.
6– 9 In a meta-analysis examining the overall effectiveness of caregiver interventions, psychoeducational interventions were found to have the most consistent effects on most outcome measures, including caregivers' knowledge of dementia, well-being, burden, and depressive symptoms.
