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Conservation score of the CNCs ranges from 525 to 710 (PhastCons most conserved elements [3]) (Table S1).
So the structurally most conserved elements would be the oldest, functionally.
Consistent with this view, Xie and colleagues [ 31] showed that most conserved elements in 5′ regions of genes are associated with binding sites for transcription factors, which usually fall outside the mature transcript, while most conserved elements in the downstream region correspond to AU rich elements and binding sites for miRNAs, which fall inside the mature transcript.
The results demonstrate that MGS of insect specimen pools extracts data relevant for phylogenomics, ecology or simply to explore the black box of arthropod genome evolution through their multicopy and most conserved elements.
We used position specific scoring matrices from two databases [ 21, 22] to analyze the so-called "most conserved elements" (PhastCons [ 43]) of known regulatory sequences of pluripotency related genes.
Most conserved elements contained computationally-predicted binding sites that correspond to transcription factors that function in vertebrate opsin expression; O. niloticus and M. zebra were significantly divergent in two of these.
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As defined, the region around this SNP contains no genes, but it does contain several regions that are among the most highly conserved elements in vertebrates (i.e., within the 5000 most highly conserved elements out of 1.31 million total conserved elements; Siepel et al. 2005).
The two most strongly conserved elements of the cellular, poxviral and flaviviral enzymes are the SAM-binding pocket determining the position of the methyl group donor and the active site determining the position of the target nucleoside13,14,23.
The study reports a significant association of a non-transcribed subset of those elements with DNA-binding proteins; an equivalent observation has been made independently by Boffeli et al.[ 10] for a limited number of most highly conserved elements between human and pufferfish.
Similarly, other knockout experiments of widely expressed lncRNAs, as well as some of the most highly conserved elements in the mammalian genome, also did not yield discernable phenotypes (Ahituv et al., 2007; Nakagawa et al., 2011), which should sound a note of caution about the interpretation of negative results.
The comparison involved a large number of species (seven, including the vole sequence that we determined) belonging to various families, which allowed us to detect the most evolutionarily conserved elements in the regulatory region containing the potential transcription factor binding sites.
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