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Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is one of the most complex disorders of sleep; it involves several genetic factors that contribute to the phenotype.
Systemic rheumatic diseases are among the most complex disorders because their clinical presentation and constellation of findings are in part reflected by the wide spectrum of autoantibodies found in the sera of patients suffering from these disorders.
Pre-eclampsia remains one of the most complex disorders of human pregnancy.
Epistasis, defined as the deviation from additivity of effects observed at multiple genetic exposures [18], [19], may also explain part of the genetic heritability that is left unexplained for most complex disorders [20].
GWAS addressing common variants have come to its limit and missing heritability for most complex disorders is very high.
These dual considerations of small genetic effect sizes and adjustment for multiple testing have led many to assume that samples in the region of at least 1000 or more cases and a similar number of controls will be required for most complex disorders [e.g. [ 4- 6]].
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Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is one of the most complex personality disorders (PD).
The traditional approach to capture segments shared identical-by-descent (IBD) using affected families and linkage has generally been less productive in MS and in most complex genetic disorders.
Hirschsprung disease is one of the most complex genetic disorders in terms of the number of modifier genes (Garcia-Barcelo et al. 2009; Tang et al. 2010) known to influence the penetrance of its causative mutations, which has been estimated to be of the order of 50 70 % (Bolk et al. 2000).
Like most other complex disorders, schizophrenia is currently believed to be a polygenic disease.
Despite the presence of significant remaining genetic contribution to the risk, the identification of genes since then has been elusive, reminiscent of most other complex disorders.
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