Many assessed changes in composition and to some degree, structure, of vegetation and soils with the most common impacts documented including reduced vegetation cover, changes in plant species composition, trail widening, soil loss and soil compaction.
For activities of daily living, the most common impacts were hobbies (ACO: 9/20, 45%, COPD: 8/10, 80%), general daily life (ACO: 8/20, 40%, COPD: 7/10, 70%) and housework (ACO: 5/20, 25%, COPD: 6/10, 60%) in both groups, although greater proportions of patients with COPD reported these impacts.
The next most common impacts related to speaking (24.9%) and cleaning teeth (19.3%).
However, the three out of four of the most common impacts in both groups were the same.
It was interesting to note that the 3 most common impacts reported by parents in the child impacts section were similar to those found in the earlier studies of different cultures and settings [ 9, 10, 17].
In our sample the most common impacts in the community-based sample were "pain", "frustration", "sleeping" and "eating", while in the US group they were "pain", "frustration", "eating" and "missed preschool" [ 11].
The impact cases consider different impacting body and target geometries, materials and impact velocities, all these parameters varying in a wide range that covers most common impact situations.
Typewriters aside, the most common impact printers were dot-matrix devices, which used an array of pins to strike an ink ribbon to form characters or other images.
The most common impact to occur at airports during tephra fall is airport closure.
Analysis of post-eruption impact data shows that the most common impact intensity is IS2 followed by IS1 (Fig. 6a).
Disruption is typically caused by flashover (the most common impact observed; Wardman et al. 2012a), controlled shutdowns to prevent damage, and cleaning of equipment.
