The most common feedstocks used in the first and second generations of biofuel include rapeseed, sunflower, switchgrass, wheat, peanuts, sesame seeds and soybean.
Experimental design methods have been successfully applied to develop and optimize the process of synthesis of butyl esters from rapeseed oil (RSO), the most common oil feedstock for biodiesel production in Europe and used frying oil (UFO), as a cheaper raw material, using biobutanol, and potassium methoxide (KOCH3) as catalyst.
For the two most common ethanol feedstocks, the study found that sugarcane ethanol produced on natural cerrado lands would take about 17 years to repay its carbon debt, while corn ethanol produced on U.S. central grasslands would result in a repayment time of about 93 years.
Fermentation of lignocellulose (a mix of polymeric substances which are composed of a variety of sugars that in turn provide the primary structure to plants) is an attractive approach to fuel production given that plants are the most common raw organic feedstock on earth [ 2, 3].
Biorefinery was the most common technology for conversions of biological feedstock and life cycle assessment was the most popular tool of decision support to evaluate the sustainability of biofuel development.
Recently, we identified LacS, an enzyme capable of hydrolyzing β-sitosteryl glucoside, campesteryl glucoside, and stigmasteryl glucoside, the most common SGs carried over from the vegetable oils used as a feedstock to produce biodiesel [ 19].
The most common topics in the literature were fuel production technologies, GHG emissions, and feedstock production/agronomics, each with over 300 articles.
Biomass is one of the most common and easily accessible renewable energy resources and represents a great opportunity as a feedstock for bioenergy [1, 2, 3].
Hydrotreating is the most common finishing process in refineries and use hydrogen and catalyst to remove sulfur and other impurities from feedstock and refined products.
One drawback in the fermentation of lignocellulosic feedstock is that C5-sugars cannot be fermented by baker's yeast, which is the most common organism in first-generation bioethanol.
