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After adjusting for potential confounding, the most common codon 336 405 haplotype DKPISENK was over-represented among severe malaria cases (40%, 41/102) compared with mild malaria controls (30%, 69/231), with an OR of 1.68 (95% CI, 1.01 2.81; P = 0.047 compared with other haplotypes combined).
Frequencies shown in bold indicate the most common codon (where synonymous codons exist for that amino acid or termination).
In contrast to flies, glutamine repeats are only the seventh most common codon repeat in mammals and sixth most common in chickens [ 28].
These results are consistent with previous studies [ 28, 44, 45], which have found that glutamine repeats were the most common codon repeat in Drosophila.
Among plants studied in detail, the most common codon repeats are those for Lys in Arabidopsis or Arg in sugarcane [ 31], both of which are hydrophilic and positively charged amino acids.
The canonical stop codon UAA is indeed the most common codon for glutamine in our dataset (Table 2), as expected in a G+C poor genome if the codon usage is close to mutational equilibrium [ 72, 73].
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A value of −100% represents a sequence window encoded using only the most rare codons, while a value of 100% represents a sequence encoded using only the most common codons.
To generate the longer pipo 70 allele, we used the site-directed mutagenesis primers T3141G-PIPO65-2-S (5′-GGGGCAAGCAATGTGTGAAAAACGTACACTCTAG-3′) and T3141G-PIPO65-2-AS (5′-CtoGAGTGTACGTTTTTCACACATTGCTTGCCCC-3′) to replace stop codons at positions 61 and 65 by the most common codons among all the TuMV isolates, which at the same time only introduced synonymous mutations in the P3 ORF.
DLP2 is predicted to encode 58 proteins with the most common start codon being ATG, although a TTG start codon is used for gp19 and gp37, and a GTG start codon is used for gp43 and gp55 (Table 4, Fig. 5).
Moreover, amino acids encoded by NAT codons which can form the most common start codon, ATG, appear in lower frequencies than amino acids encoded by NGT- and NTT-encoded amino acids.
DLP1 is predicted to encode 57 proteins with the most common start codon being ATG, although a TTG start codon is used for gp19, gp37 and gp41 (Table 3, Fig. 5).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com