The most basal organism with morphological AJs and a clearly defined interaction between a "classical -like classical -likecadherinis the sponge, O. candela.
Previous authors have discussed Aeolosoma as either a highly derived clitellate [ 45, 46], as sister to or the most basal clitellate (depending on which morphological characters are used to define Clitellata) [ 47- 52], or as not closely related to Clitellata [ 20, 28, 53- 55].
Other phylogenetic studies recovered Buccinoidea or Nassariidae+Mitridae as the most basal neogastropod superfamily based on morphology or combined morphological + molecular data sets, respectively [ 5].
Note that previous morphological studies have consistently argued the most basal Diplomystoidei ([ 41, 84- 89]), which was supported by a molecular study by Hardman [ 22], who used Diplomystes mesembrinus (Diplomystidae) as the only outgroup to root the tree.
The phylogenetic position of the Protura, traditionally considered the most basal hexapod group, is disputed because it has many unique morphological characters compared with other hexapods.
Mytilioda, represented by the well-known common mussel species, Mytilus edulis, had been resolved as the most basal order of the subclass in comprehensive studies based on morphological [ 22], molecular [ 18, 24], and combined [ 24] data and, accordingly, was designated for cladogram rooting.
We used Leiopelma and Ascaphus as outgroup taxa because molecular and morphological data are congruent in indicating that these are the most basal extant frogs [ 14, 55].
In a morphological cladistic analysis published in 1994, Kevin Thiele placed it as the most basal member of a newly described subseries Integrifoliae, within the series Salicinae.
A consideration of both the molecular and morphological evidence identifies the lineage containing the Monoblepharidales, Chytridiales and their close relatives as the most basal one in Kingdom Fungi.
In a 1990 morphological phylogenetic study, Kiyonori Nishida concluded that the deepwater stingray and the sixgill stingray (Hexatrygon bickelli) were the most basal stingrays (suborder Myliobatoidei).
