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There are also health benefits if cases of infection are prevented and excess morbidity and mortality risk reduced.
Patients with a good vitamin D status [25(OH D ≥30 ng/mL] showed a mortality risk reduced by 85%and76%6% due to sudden cardiac death or cardiac insufficiency respectively compared with those with a severe vitamin D deficiency.
These findings were not limited to North America or Europe [ 7, 8], with observational reports from Hong Kong [ 9] and Turkey also confirming that for every 1 mL/min increase in residual GFR mortality risk reduced by 35 47% [ 10, 11].
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While abstinence in alcohol-dependent subjects led to greater mortality reduction than non-abstinence, this study suggests that alcohol-dependent subjects can significantly reduce their mortality risk by reducing alcohol consumption.
A recent meta-analysis found that the 15-year breast cancer mortality risk was reduced by 5.4% (30.5% versus 35.9%) and the 5-year local recurrence risk was reduced by 19% (7% versus 26%) among women with early stage breast cancer who received BCS with versus without radiotherapy [ 14].
Compared to inactive men, mortality risk was reduced by 15% in infrequently active men and by 36% in regularly active men.
Mortality risk was reduced by 29% per 1-SD increase in dietary potassium, although only in subjects initially free of CVD and hypertension.
By contrast, among older patients the mortality risk was reduced to approximately 43% after an invasive procedure (HR = 0.43, p < 0.001).
In this particular case, survivors' bias would work against the age effect since there is an increased mortality risk with reduced kidney function [ 29].
In the group of patients with APACHE II scores of 25 or more, the absolute mortality risk was reduced by 13% [ 22].
However, this excess mortality risk was reduced to insignificance (OR = 1.5) when taking into account age and functional limitations at wave 1.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com