In their model, two contrasting scenarios for the fitness of diploid males were considered: (1) inviability and (2) sterility, resulting in the death of all eggs fertilized by sperm from diploid males (i.e., mortality of potential triploid daughters).
We thus modified the model framework described by Zayed & Packer [ 32], to make it possible to compare a scenario in which viable diploid males sire no offspring (pseudovirginity) with a scenario in which viable diploid males sire inviable triploid females (mortality of potential daughters).
We used the smoking attributable mortality, morbidity, and economic costs system of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to calculate smoking attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and the age adjusted smoking attributable mortality and years of potential life lost rates per 100 000 population.
In both of these subgroups, increasing HVC score predicted all-cause and CVD mortality, independently of potential confounders.
Some studies report higher mortality for outborns (potential bias: more severe cases were transferred and therefore less likely to survive) [ 12, 25], while others describe lower mortality of outborns (potential bias: transferred only less severe cases and therefore more likely to survive) [ 26, 27].
Lastly, we relate the pattern of windthrown mortality to potential causative factors such as tree size, rainfall characteristics, wind speed, geology and lithology.
Smoking attributable mortality and years of potential life lost was assessed from the smoking attributable mortality, morbidity, and economic costs system of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's smoking attributable mortality, morbidity, and economic costs system calculated smoking attributable mortality and years of potential life lost by multiplying the number of deaths from each of the 19 causes by estimates of the smoking attributable fraction of preventable deaths.
In addition to the potential benefit of an intervention, e.g. a decrease in mortality, the evaluation of potential harm is another essential component of the assessment (Section 3.1.3 IQWiG GM 4.0).
We therefore first determined the smoking attributable mortality and years of potential life lost from smoking in US prisons.
In addition, our estimates of smoking attributable mortality and years of potential life lost were limited by the small number of older people in the prison survey.
